第二讲 meaning and context.ppt

These are the two key notions in the study of pragmatics, i.e. meaning and context, which are closedly related. Meanings of meaning C. K. Ogden I. A. Richards 1923 The Meaning of Meaning 22 types of meaning G. Leech 1974 Semantics 7 types of meaning: 1) conceptual meaning: 概念意义 2) connotative meaning: 内涵意义 3) social meaning:社会意义 4) affective meaning: 感情意义 5) reflected meaning: 反射意义 6) collocative meaning: 搭配意义 7) thematic meaning: 主位意义 Meaning theories: The referential theory / The naming theory The conceptualist view(The semnatic triangle) Contextualism (situational context and linguistic context) Behaviorism Sentence Meaning Utterance Meaning Relatiohship between sentence meaning and utterance meaning: Definitions of context John Lyons (1977:572-4) assumes context as the general knowledge shared by the interlocutors in communication. He puts forward six variables of context, including participant (role status), time, place, medium, topic, situation. G. Leech (1983:13) considers ‘context to be any background knowledge assumed to be shared by s and h and which contributes to h’s interpretation of what s means by a given utterance.” Including aspects of physical or social setting of an utterance. 3) Sperber and Wilson forward a cognitive definition: ‘ A context is a psychological construct, a subset of the hearer’s assumptions about the world. It is these assumptions rather the actual state of the world that affect the interpretation of an utterance’. (1995:15) 4) Verschueren (2000),in his pragmatic perspective, distinguishes linguistic context from communicative context, he claims that the latter embodies physical world, social world and mental world. Hymes’ SPEAKING model (1972) S---Setting Time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act. ---Scene The psychological counte