哈佛大学--博弈论课件英文section5章节幻灯片.pptVIP

GOV 2005: Game Theory Section 5: Subgame-Perfect Eqm Alexis Diamond adiamond@fas.harvard.edu Agenda Main ideas Key terms Extensive Games, Backward Induction Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium Baron and Ferejohn: Bargaining in Legislatures The strategic setting Two-round, 3 candidate closed rule game Two-round, n-candidate closed rule game Infinite-round, 3 candidate closed rule game Open-rule games Endogenizing the rules Key Terms Sequential Rationality: Players should be rational at every decision-making opportunity (information set) Backward Induction: Process of analyzing a game from back to front, eliminating actions which are dominated given the terminal nodes that would be reached Most useful in extensive-form games of complete information If there are no ties in payoffs, backward induction completely solves the game, finding the single rational strategy profile Subgame: A node x initiates a subgame if neither x nor its successors are in an information set that contains nodes that are not successors of x. A subgame is the tree structure defined by such a node x and its successors What is a proper subgame? Let’s do an-class exercise Incumbent Challenger Out In Fight Acquiesce ? Incumbent Challenger Out In Fight Acquiesce ? Slack off Incumbent Incumbent Challenger Out In Fight Acquiesce Challenger ? Back out Hit Back 1 Out In ? 2 Fight Acquiesce Spend Save Save Spend How Many Subgames Do You See? 1 1 Extensive Games w/ Perfect Info Players Terminal History: a set of sequences (chronologically ordered actions, histories), describing a complete game Player Function: the function that assigns a player to every sequence Preferences for the Players: preferences over the set of terminal histories Any preference over terminal histories may be translated directly into preferences over outcomes, (and vice-versa?*) for example: the “Entry” Game... An Extensive Form Game is Defined by Four Components *See Osborne, p. 155 Example: The Entry Game Players: an incumbent and a