叙事学基础Basic Narratology.ppt

叙事学基础 Basic Narratology 南方医科大学外国语学院 唐伟胜 讲座目的 了解叙事学基本概念 了解叙事学理论前沿 了解叙事学分析方法 作用： 从事叙事理论研究及翻译 用叙事学分析工具进行文学文本、文化现象的阐释工作 什么是叙事（narrative)? The recounting (as product and process, object and act, structure and structuration) of one or more real or fictitious events communicated by one, two, or several (more or less overt) narrators to one, two, or several (more or less overt) narratees. Someone tells someone else that something happens on some occasion and for some purpose. (James Phelan) The reader reads someone telling someone else that something happens. (Marie- Laure Ryan) The minimal definition of Narrative (Zhao Yiheng in the 2nd collection of Chinese edition of Narrative) 叙事学理论背景 新批评 New Criticism 俄国形式主义 Russian Formalism 结构主义 structuralism 索绪尔语言理论 英美修辞学 Anglo-American Rhetorics 叙事学的基石：故事/话语二分 story/discourse dichotomy Story: the content plane of narrative as opposed to its expression plane or discourse; the “what” of a narrative as opposed to its “how”; the narrated as opposed to the narrating; the fiction as opposed to the narration; the existents and events represented in a narrative Discourse: 叙事语法 narrative grammar A series of statements and formulas interrelated by an ordered set of rules and accounting for (structural aspects of) a particular set of narratives or the set of all and only possible narratives. Story grammar: the attempt to specify the basic constituents of the narrated and to describe their interrelations, and they help to investigate the effects of structure and content variables on memory and the comprehension of texts. (see CANT, p.110-11) 探究叙事、故事语法是早期叙事学的主要研究目的。 叙事语法尝试之一：普罗普（V. Propp) The Morphology of Russian Folktales 俄罗斯民间故事形态学 确定叙事的基本要素（narrative elements)及其功能（function)。 1）沙皇给英雄一只鹰。 2）老人给苏森一匹马。 3）王子给伊万一枚戒指。 他发现，在俄罗斯民间故事中，有31个这样的功能单位，并以同样的序列（sequence)出现。 叙事语法尝试之二：布雷蒙（Bremond) 简化了普鲁普的31个功能，更抽象化。叙事的基本序列为： 表示可能发生变化的功能； 表示是否实施这种变化的功能； 表示变化是否实现的功能。 比如：某人受到某种伤害后，可能采取两种行动：（1）容忍；（2）报复；如果采取报复，则又存在：（1）报复成功；报复失败。 叙事语法尝试之三：格雷马斯（Greimas) 三对六