[所有分类]第3章 消毒灭菌与病原微生物实验室生物安全.pptVIP

第3章 消毒与灭菌与病原微生物实验室生物安全 基本概念 Sterilization Sterilization is a process used to achieve sterility, an absolute term meaning the absence of all viable micro-organisms, including viruses, bacteria and their spores, and fungi and their spores. Uses of sterilization Sterilization is required for instruments and materials used in procedures that involved penetration into normally sterile parts of the body, e.g. in surgical operations, intravenous infusions, hypodermic injections and diagnostic aspirations. It is also required for media, reagents and equipment used in laboratory practice. Disinfection Disinfection is a process which reduced the number of contaminating micro-organisms, particularly those liable to cause infection, to a level which is deemed no longer harmful to health. Disinfection is a relative term embracing a wide range of efficacy against particular viruses, vegetative bacteria and fungi, but not usually including bacterial spores. Use of disinfection Disinfection is applied in circumstances in which sterility is unnecessary or sterilizing procedures are impracticable. Antisepsis Antisepsis is used to describe disinfection applied to living tissue such as a wound. Some would restrict the term antiseptic to preparations applied to open wounds or abraded tissue and prefer the term skin disinfection for the removal of organisms from the hands and intact skin surfaces. Cleaning Cleaning is a soil-removing process which removes many micro-organisms. They have wide application in the hospital environment and as the necessary prerequisite to sterilization and disinfection. The detergents used in cleaning have some disinfection properties, and the dilution effect of thorough rinsing further reduces the microbial load. Removal of debris dried on instruments or other items that are difficult to clean may be enhanced by the use of ultrasonic baths. 无菌操作： 防止微生物进入人体或其它物品的操作方法。 消毒灭菌的方法 物理消毒灭菌法 化学消毒灭菌法（自学） 热力消毒灭菌法 辐射杀菌法 滤过除菌法 干燥与低温抑菌法 Sterilization and dis