线性代数概要与提高-上海交通大学数学系.PDFVIP

, C F . , , C , Z , F q , q = pm , p (, , C , , , F q ). , , , , Sylvester1 , , ([12]). , , . . , , Ax = b() ( n f (x) = f (x , x , · · · , x ) = a x x 1 2 n ij i j i,j =1 , f (x) = xT Ax). A (A, b) . , , Ax = b x α + x α + · · · + x α = b. 1 1 2 2 n n , b A α , · · · , α . , 1 n Ax = 0 , , Ax = b , . . n A Am (). , , P P 1AP = D = diag (λ , λ · · · , λ ), 1 2 n Am = P Dm P 1 = P diag (λm , λm · · · , λm )P 1 . 1 2 n , , Q Q1AQ = QT AQ = diag (λ , λ · · · , λ ). 1 2 n x = Qy f (x) = xT Ax f = λ y2 + λ y2 + · · · + λ y2 . 1 1 2 2 n n . 1James Joseph Sylvester(1814-1897), , F.Nightingale () , 19 , American Journal of Mathematics , . 1 m, n . F m ×n (m n , m ×n , m ×n ) F m n , 0. n Mn (F ) F n n , In I ( E). A = (aij ) ∈ F m n , A ¯ ¯ A , A, A = (¯aij )m n . , A ¯ T T ¯T H , (A) = (A ), A = A ( A , H Hermite 2 ). i j 1, 0 m ×