学术综合英语电子教案u1.pdf

Unit 1 Presenting a Speech 2012 Part Pre-listening Listening A Background Information New Words and Expressions Part Toll Road B A toll road (or tollway, turnpike, pike, toll highway or an express toll route) is a privately or publicly built road for which a driver pays a toll (a fee) for use. Structures for which tolls are charged include toll bridges and toll tunnels. Non-toll roads are financed using other sources of revenue, most typically fuel tax or general tax funds. The building or facility in which a toll is collected may be called a toll booth, toll Part Pre-listening Listening A Background Information New Words and Expressions Part plaza, toll station, toll bar or toll gate. This building is B usually found on either side of a bridge and at exits. Three systems of toll roads exist: open (with mainline barrier toll plazas); closed (with entry / exit tolls) and all-electronic toll collection (no toll booths, only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits, or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road). Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways: 1. They require vehicles to stop or slow down, manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs. Part Pre-listening Listening A Background Information New Words and Expressions Part B 2. Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy. 3. Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel “free” roads, the traffic divers