启蒙运动英文简介幻灯片教程.ppt

Invisible hand As every individual, therefore, endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestiek to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other eases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the publick good.]. David Hume Good friend of Adam Smith He is regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Western Philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment Known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism A Treatise of Human Nature Immanuel Kant（1724-1804） “康德的生平履历很难描写，因为他既没有生活过，也没有经历什么。”海涅 有两种东西，我对它们的思考越是深沉和持久，它们在我心灵中唤起的惊奇和敬畏就会日新月异，不断增长，这就是我头上的星空和心中的道德定律。-- 《实践理性批判》 Critique of Pure Reason Critical of Practical reason Critique of Judgment 康德临死前的若干年里，他的身体和精神都极为衰弱，作为哲学家的康德也只剩下了一个影子，那时德国哲学界的风云人物是费希特、谢林和黑格尔等人，他们作为德国唯心主义的领军人物誉满天下。死后的康德很快就从哲学的影子变成了人类思想天空里的一颗巨星。 当代德国著名哲学家、现代存在主义哲学奠基人卡尔.雅斯贝斯(1883～1969)将康德与柏拉图(约公元前427年-前347年)和奥古斯汀(354-430)并列称为三大“永不休止的哲学奠基人”。 He aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience: the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective w