james rachelsthe elements of moral philosophy：杰姆斯道德哲学rachelsthe元素精选.pdfVIP

James Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy Adopted from lists created by W.O. Stephens, PhD (Creighton University) Chapter 1. a.) How does Socrates define morality? b.) What must moral judgments be backed by? Why? c.) Why is impartiality necessary for moral judgments? d.) How does Rachels characterize the minimum conception of morality? Chapter 2. a.) What is Cultural Relativism? b.) Reconstruct the Cultural Differences Argument. c.) Explain why the Cultural Differences Argument is not sound. d.) Explain three consequences of taking Cultural Relativism seriously. e.) What values do all cultures have in common? f.) What two lessons can be learned from Cultural Relativism? Chapter 3. a.) Explain what Rachels calls Simple (Ethical) Subjectivism. b.) What are the two most prominent objections to Simple Subjectivism? c.) Explain Charles L. Stevenson’s theory of Emotivism. d.) How does Emotivism avoid the two objections to Simple Subjectivism? e.) Explain Rachels’ criticisms of Emotivism. f.) What explanations does Rachels offer for the fact that people persist in believing that moral judgments are unprovable and so ultimately neither true nor false? g.) Explain the arguments for and against the view that homosexuality is immoral. Chapter 4. a.) Explain Divine Command Theory. b.) What are the two strengths of this theory Rachels describes? c.) What are the serious problems with this theory? d.) Explain the problem Socrates raises with Divine Command theory. e.) Explain the Theory of Natural Law. f.) Which Catholic theologian-philosopher is most associated with it? g.) From which Greek philosopher does 4f derive the Theory of Natural Law? h.) What is David Hume’s criticism of this theory? i.) What is the second criticism of this theory which Rachels describes? j.) How does the third part of the Theory of Natural Law allow believers and non- believers to inhabit the same moral universe? k.) What was St. Thomas Aquinas’ position on ab