英语语言学chapter17SecondLanguageacquisition.pptVIP

Chapter 17 Second Language Acquisition/Learning Acquisition barriers Reasons for the problems experienced in L2 acquisition --during their teenage or adult years --limited time for L2 at school --busy with other things --already have L1 to use for communicative purposes --adults’ tongues ‘get stiff’ Acquisition and learning Acquisition: the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations Learning: a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language.  Joseph Conrad phenomenon: the ability of adults to master aspects of the written language, but still speaking with a foreign accent Some features (vocabulary, grammar) of L2 are easier to acquire than others (phonology) The critical period has passed The process of lateralization of the brain The optimum age: 10-16 years old (flexibility and maturation of cognitive skills) The affective filter Barrier to acquisition that result from negative feelings or experiences. Teenagers are typically more self-conscious than young children Lack of empathy with the foreign culture inhibitions Focus on method Grammar-translation method: long list of words and a set of grammatical rules have to be memorized, and the written language rather than the spoken language is emphasized Audio-lingual method: emphasizing the spoken language, involving a systematic presentation of the structures of the L2, moving from the simple to the more complex, often in the form of drills which the student had to repeat  Communicative approaches Reaction against the artificiality of pattern-practice and also against the belief that consciously learning the grammar of a language will necessarily result in an ability to use the language based on a view that the functions of language should be emphasized rather than the forms of the language Focus on the learner A shift from concern with the teacher, the textbook and the method to an interest in the learner and the ac