英语语言学Chapter8morphology.pptVIP

Morphology A better way of looking at linguistic forms in different languages would be to use the notion of “elements” in the message. Morphology: the type of investigation which analyzes all those “elements” which are used in a language Morphemes: “elements” in the form of a linguistic message Morphemes “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” Reopened: re- + open + -ed Tourists: tour + -ist + -s Free and Bound Morphemes Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. All affixes in Eng are bound Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem Un- dress -ed Prefix stem suffix bound free bound Free and Bound Morphemes This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes Bound stems and free stems (dress, care) Free morphemes Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey ‘open’ class of words Functional morphemes功能词素: consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns: closed Bound Morphemes Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; -ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form Eng has 8 inflectional morphemes: -’s, -s (books), -s (lies), -ing, -ed, -en, -er, -est. All suffixes Derivational vs. Inflectional Inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word Derivational