公正-该如何做是好？ 中英对照 Justice.doc

Justice: Whats the Right Thing to Do? 《公正：该如何做是好？》Lesion1 1、2《杀人的道德侧面》《同类相残案》 提要：如果必须选择杀死1人或者杀死5人，你会怎么选？正确的做法是什么？教授Michael Sandel在他的讲座里提出这个假设的情景，有多数的学生投票来赞成杀死1人，来保全其余五个人的性命。但是Sandel提出了三宗类似的道德难题-每一个都设计巧妙，以至于抉择的难度增加。当学生站起来为自己的艰难抉择辩护时，Sandel提出了他的观点。我们的道德推理背后的假设往往是矛盾的，而什么是正确什么是错的问题，并不总是黑白分明的。 提要：Sandel介绍了功利主义哲学家Jeremy Bentham（杰瑞米·边沁）与19世纪的一个著名案例，此案涉及到的人是4个失事轮船的船员。他们在海上迷失了19天之后，船长决定杀死机舱男孩，他是4个人中最弱小的，这样他们就可以靠他的血液和躯体维持生命。案件引发了学生们对提倡幸福最大化的功利论的辩论，功利论的口号是“绝大多数人的最大利益”。 This is a course about justice and we begin with a story. Suppose youre the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour. And at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track. You try to stop but you cant, your brakes dont work. You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die. Lets assume you know that for sure. And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker working on the track. Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track killing the one but sparing the five. Heres our first question: whats the right thing to do? What would you do? Lets take a poll. How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track? Raise your hands. How many wouldnt? How many would go straight ahead? Keep your hands up those of you who would go straight ahead. A handful of people would, the vast majority would turn. Lets hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think its the right thing to do. Lets begin with those in the majority who would turn to go onto the side track. Why would you do it? What would be your reason? Whos willing to volunteer a reason? Go ahead. Stand up. Because it cant be right to kill five people when you can only kill one person instead. It wouldnt be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead. Thats a good reason. T