数学专业英语(吴炯圻-第2版)2-9-2-10总结归纳.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * New Words Expressions: differentiable 可微的 polynomial 多项式exponential 指数的 rational function 有理函数 integrate 求积分 trigonometric function 三角函数 logarithm 对数 inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数 2.9 微分方程简介 Introduction to Differential Equations Key points: Introduction to Differential Equations Difficult points: Applications of matrices Requirements: 1. 理解微分方程的分类。 2. 理解矩阵学习的重要性。 A large variety of scientific problems arise in which one tries to determine something from its rate of change. 9-A Introduction 大量的科学问题需要人们根据事物的变化率来确定该事物。 For example , we could try to compute the position of a moving particle from a knowledge of its velocity or acceleration. 例如，我们可以由已知速度或者加速度来计算移动质点的位置. Or a radioactive substance may be disintegrating at a known rate and we may be required to determine the amount of material present after a given time. 又如，某种放射性物质可能正在以已知的速度进行衰变，需要我们确定在给定的时间后遗留物质的总量。 ※In examples like these, we are trying to determine an unknown function from prescribed information expressed in the form of an equation involving at least one of the derivatives of the unknown function . 在类似的例子中，我们力求由方程的形式表述的信息来确定未知函数，而这种方程至少包含了未知函数的一个导数。 These equations are called differential equations, and their study forms one of the most challenging branches of mathematics. 这些方程称为微分方程，对其研究形成了数学中最具有挑战性的一个分支。 Differential equations are classified under two main headings: ordinary and partial, depending on whether the unknown is a function of just one variable or of two more variables. 微分方程根据未知量是单变量函数还是多变量函数分成两个主题：常微分方程和偏微分方程。 A simple example of an ordinary differential equation is the relation f(x)=f(x) (9.1) which is satisfied, in particular by the exponential function, f(x)=ex . 常微分方程的一个简单例子是f(x)=f(x) ，特别地，指数函数f(x)=ex 满足这个等式。 We shall see presently that every solution of (9.1) must be of the form f(x