Factors Affecting Water Quality - A-State影响水质的因素的焦虑.pptVIP

Factors Affecting Water Quality Chapter 6 Introduction Many types of pollutants and many factors affecting the toxic effect of those pollutants Factors include physicochemical properties Mode and time of exposure Environmental factors Interactions among toxicants in a mixture Biological factors Nutritional factors Chemical Characterization of Water I. Structure Chemical Structure Inorganic Cations Anions Ca++ Mg++ Na++ (K+) HCO-3 SO4- Cl- PO4- NO3- bicarbonate Normal environmental concentrations mg/L 15 8 6 23 120 12 8 v. low (1) Note: because NO3- is not limited in freshwater ? casual about disposal (i.e. Spring River) Organic Hardness Degree of difficulty in precipitating soap Based on combined concentrations of calcium, magnesium and other cations Can have great effect of toxicity (increasing hard = decreasing toxicity) Units – CaCO32- mg/L (accounts for all metals which are +2) Typical values (as CaCO32-) 5- - 100 mg/L soft 100 - 200 mg/L moderately hard 200 “ hard Carbonate vs. Non-carbonate hardness Note: heat can change hardness - forms scale on boilers, coffee pots Alkalinity Measurement of the capacity to accept protons (esp. H+) ? called buffering capacity Units also expressed as CaCO32- Really measures CaCO32- (bicarbonate) Alkalinity directly correlated with hardness in many systems Soft water = low alkalinity Hard water = high “ (but exceptions ? AMD) Measured by titrating with H2SO4 ? drives bicarbonate to CO2 Rule of thumb ? water of low hardness, low alkalinity (headwaters) = higher effect of toxicants (especially true of metals, acid) Alkalinity (con’t) Rule of thumb: water of low hardness, low alkalinity (headwaters) = higher effect of toxicants (especially true of metals, acid