Multiple Barriers多重障碍.ppt

Multiple Barriers, Multiple Exposures Perspectives from the North and the South Multi-Barrier Approach If we implement multiple barriers, then failure in any one barrier won’t result in catastrophic failure of the overall process Multiple barriers increase the reliability of the overall process The concept of multiple barriers is often used to refer to water purification steps, but it can also be extended to any interventions used to break pathogen exposure routes Barriers: The Water Purification Perspective Watershed protection Particle removal Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Distribution system Cross contamination protection Residual disinfectant Treatment Train Comparison Alternative 1- one unit process, which, when it operates properly, achieves 6 logs of removal ____________________ Alternative 2 - three independent unit processes in series, each of which, when it operates properly, achieves only 2 logs of removal ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Barriers with Failure Let’s also assume that each unit process completely fails 1% of the time “Normally”, both trains produce 6 logs of removal but, let’s look closer Comparison of one and three barrier trains with same nominal removal Relative performance Increasing the number of process barriers substantially reduces the risk of __________ in return for a small compromise in the time at which the nominal design performance is achieved This analysis assumes failures are independent events! Imagine if every electrical power failure resulted in everyone in your city becoming ill! Add It Up to Meet the Target Protection Level Multiple Barrier approach as codified in EPA regulations Treatment technique summation Barrier trading Choose which barrier to implement Can trade different approaches Crypto Requirements for Filtration Plants EPA Crypto Maximum oocyst concentration is 0.0001/L So for every 10,000 liters of water consumed, one person could c