Appendix A Basic Mathematics - West Virginia University附录A的基本数学-西弗吉尼亚大学.pptVIP

Matrix Algebra Matrix algebra is a means of expressing large numbers of calculations made upon ordered sets of numbers. Often referred to as Linear Algebra Why use it? Matrix algebra is used primarily to facilitate mathematical expression. Many equations would be completely intractable if scalar mathematics had to be used. It is also important to note that the scalar algebra is under there somewhere. Definitions - scalar scalar - a number denoted with regular type as is scalar algebra [1] or [a] Definitions - vector vector - a single row or column of numbers denoted with bold small letters row vector column vector Definitions - Matrix A matrix is a set of rows and columns of numbers Denoted with a bold Capital letter All matrices (and vectors) have an order - that is the number of rows x the number of columns. Thus A is Matrix Equality Thus two matrices are equal iff (if and only if) all of their elements are identical Note: your data set is a matrix. Matrix Operations Addition and Subtraction Multiplication Transposition Inversion Addition and Subtraction Two matrices may be added iff they are the same order. Simply add the corresponding elements Addition and Subtraction (cont.) Where Hence Matrix Multiplication To multiply a scalar times a matrix, simply multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar quantity Matrix Multiplication (cont.) To multiply a matrix times a matrix, we write A times B as AB This is pre-multiplying B by A, or post-multiplying A by B. Matrix Multiplication (cont.) In order to multiply matrices, they must be conformable (the number of columns in A must equal the number of rows in B.) an (mxn) x (nxp) = (mxp) an (mxn) x (pxn) = cannot be done a (1xn) x (nx1) = a scalar (1x1) Matrix Multiplication (cont.) Thus where Matrix Multiplication- an example Thus where Matrix multiplication is not Commutative AB does not necessarily equal BA (BA may even be an impossible operation) Yet matrix multiplicati