Photosynthesis - 双语课程：生物技术制药.ppt

All the 14C was found to be in the carboxyl group of 3-phosphoglycerate (a phenomenon not found using animal cells). Carboxylation of a C2 compound was immediately hypothesized, but never approved. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) was revealed to be the CO2 acceptor by comparing the steady-state concentrations of various compounds by CO2 withdraw. Rubisco is both positively (via convalent modification by CO2) and negatively (via a transition state analog) regulated Rubisco Activase Rubisco activase overcomes the inhibition by promoting ATP-dependent release of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, exposing the Lys 201 amino group to nonenzymatic carbamoylation by CO2. (“nocturnal inhibitor”) Active Site Rubisco Rubisco Activase: an ATPase; causing a conformational change in Rubisco from a close to an open form; allowing release of tightly bound substrate (RuBP leaving the active site), promoting carbamate formation. Negative regulation The high pH and high [Mg2+] in chloroplast stroma, resulting from illumination, activate enzymes like rubisco and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Certain photosynthetic enzymes are indirectly activated by light Light-dependent activation of dark reaction enzymes High levels of ferredoxin accumulate when NADP+ stores are low, and this occurs during light exposure. Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase are activated by reduced ferredoxin. 1. High pH, CO2, and Mg 2+ increase activity of rubisco. 2. Three enzymes (sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase) are activated by reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryls, which is dependent upon a disulfide exchange reaction promoted by the protein thioredoxin. 3. In the dark, plants metabolize some of the stored energy. In general, the pathways of catabolism glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the pentose phospha