Atomic amp; Nuclear Physics原子核物理学amp；.ppt

Nuclear Physics AP Physics B Nuclear Physics - Radioactivity Before we begin to discuss the specifics of radioactive decay we need to be certain you understand the proper NOTATION that is used. Nuclear Physics – Notation Isotopes An isotope is when you have the SAME ELEMENT, yet it has a different MASS. This is a result of have extra neutrons. Since Carbon is always going to be element #6, we can write Carbon in terms of its mass instead. Carbon - 12 Carbon - 14 Einstein – Energy/Mass Equivalence In 1905, Albert Einstein publishes a 2nd major theory called the Energy-Mass Equivalence in a paper called, “Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy content?” Einstein – Energy/Mass Equivalence Looking closely at Einstein’s equation we see that he postulated that mass held an enormous amount of energy within itself. We call this energy BINDING ENERGY or Rest mass energy as it is the energy that holds the atom together when it is at rest. The large amount of energy comes from the fact that the speed of light is squared. Energy Unit Check Mass Defect Mass Defect - Explained Mass Defect – Example Strong Nuclear Force The attractive force that holds the nucleus together – without it, the electrostatic force would cause the nucleus to fly apart. Acts on short ranges - only a couple of fermis (1 fermi = 1 femtometer = 10-15 m) Always attractive Nearly equal strength between proton-proton, proton-neutron, and neutron-neutron Does not act on electrons Stability Stability is determined by competition between repulsive electrostatic force and attractive strong nuclear force. Radioactivity When an unstable nucleus releases energy and/or particles. Radioactive Decay There are 4 basic types of radioactive decay Alpha – Ejected Helium Beta – Ejected Electron Positron – Ejected Anti-Beta particle Gamma – Ejected Energy You may encounter protons and neutrons being emitted as well Alpha Decay Alpha Decay Applications Beta Decay Beta Plus Decay - Positron Beta Plus Decay Applic