History of Artificial Intelligence - MultiEdu人工智能的历史multiedu.ppt

History of Artificial Intelligence Dana Nejedlová Department of Informatics Faculty of Economics Technical University of Liberec What is Intelligence? Common definition of artificial intelligence: AI is a field which attempts to build intelligent machines and tries to understand intelligent entities. But what is intelligence? Learning, manipulating with facts, but also creativity, consciousness, emotion and intuition. Can machines be intelligent? Up to the present day it is not sure whether it is possible to build a machine that has all aspects of intelligence. This kind of research is central in the field of AI. What Is Artificial Intelligence? Building machines that are able of symbolic processing, recognition, learning, and other forms of inference Solving problems that must use heuristic search instead of analytic approach Using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information Finding representational formalisms to compensate this Reasoning about significant qualitative features of a situation Working with syntax and semantics Finding answers that are neither exact nor optimal but in some sense ?sufficient“ The use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge The use of meta-level knowledge (knowledge about knowledge) to effect more sophisticated control of problem solving strategies Before the Creation of Electronic Computers Ancient and medieval myths Talos, Pandora, Golem artificial men, robots Research in the antiquity till the 17th century Aristotle, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz automation of reasoning Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes mechanistic understanding of living beings 20th century, 1948 Norbert Wiener – Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Intelligent behavior is the result of the feedback mechanism. The Beginnings of Electronic Computers John Louis von Neumann (1903 – 1957) Von Neumann’s architecture of a computer Consultations on the EDVAC Project (1945) Game Theory (1944) It can be applied to the interacting int