AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute：氨基酸的生物合成-伦斯勒理工学院.ppt

AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS SINGLE CARBON TRANSFERS WITH THF PHYSIOLOGIC AMINES AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS “FIXING” OF ATMOSPHERIC N2 DIAZOTROPHS FIX N2 TO NH3 IN MICRO-ORGANISMS, PLANTS, LOWER ANIMALS: GLU DEHYDROGENASE RXN GLU + NAD(P)+ + H2O ? ?-KG + NH3 + NAD(P)H + H+ REVERSE RXN ? GLU GLU SYNTHASE RXN’ ? GLU NADPH + H+ + GLN + ?-KG ? 2 GLU + NADP+ AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS DOES THE GLU DEHYDROGENASE RXN’ WORK IN REVERSE IN MAMMALS? THERE IS SOME CONTROVERSY ABOUT THIS THE HYPERAMMONEMIA/HYPERINSULINEMIA SYNDROME (HI/HA) IS CAUSED BY A MUTATION IN GDH THAT ? A GAIN IN FUNCTION SUGGESTS THAT THE PREFERRED DIRECTION IS TOWARD THE RIGHT DEPENDING UPON THE ORGANISM, THE GLU DEHYDROGENASE MIGHT BE CLOSE TO EQUILIBRIUM, OR FAVORED TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT SO, PREFORMED ?-AMINO NITROGEN, IN THE FORM OF GLU, MUST BE CONSIDERED AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS *ARGININE METHIONINE HISTIDINE PHENYLALANINE ISOLEUCINE THREONINE LEUCINE TRYPTOPHAN LYSINE VALINE NOTE ARG IS ESSENTIAL IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN MOST SYNTHESIZED ARG ? ORNITHINE AND UREA VIA THE UREA CYCLE AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ALANINE GLUTAMINE ASPARAGINE GLYCINE ASPARTATE PROLINE *CYSTEINE SERINE GLUTAMATE *TYROSINE NOTE: CYS GETS ITS SULFUR ATOM FROM MET TYR IS HYDROXYLATED PHE SO IT’S NOT REALLY NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS ALL ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM COMMON METABOLIC INTERMEDIATES NON-ESSENTIAL TRANSAMINATION OF ?-KETOACIDS THAT ARE AVAILABLE AS COMMON INTERMEDIATES ESSENTIAL THEIR ?-KETOACIDS ARE NOT COMMON INTERMEDIATES (ENZYMES NEEDED TO FORM THEM ARE LACKING) SO TRANSAMINATION ISN’T AN OPTION BUT THEY ARE PRESENT IN COMMON PATHWAYS OF MICRO-ORGANISMS AND PLANTS AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW(USE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATES) GLUCOSE ? GLUC-6-PHOSPHATE ? ? ? RIB-5-PHOS→ HIS ? ? 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE ? SERINE