Cultural Conformity and Adaptation文化的整合和适应.ppt

Pastoral Societies Domesticate animals for food needs Nomadic Groups are larger than Hunters Gatherers Division of labor: food production, craftworks, weapons, etc. Trade with other groups or families Heredity chieftainships * Horticulture Societies Use simple tools to cultivate the land for multiple seasons Have villages with 30 to 2000 people * Agricultural Societies Uses technology to maximize production Develop cities with specialized roles Use money Have armies for defense * II. Industrial Societies The main economic activity is producing manufactured goods Urbanization: population is concentrated in cities Use the assembly line/mass production Science often challenges religious ideas Social mobility is possible * III. Post Industrial Societies The main economic activity is providing information and services Includes the United States Emphasizes science and education * * Cultural Conformityand Adaptation Chapter Three * THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Section One * Despite all of our differences (race, religion, socio-economic status, etc.), Americans share certain values. * I. Traditional American Values Sociologist Robin Williams identified a set of 15 values central to the American way of life. Personal Achievement: the U.S. was built on individualism and competition Individualism: we work solo and are to blame when we fail * Work: those that don’t are lazy and looked at negatively Morality Humanitarianism: we tend to be “religious” and have definite ideas of what’s right and wrong Efficiency Practicality: we’re inventive and interested in the usefulness of technology * Progress Material Comfort: we’re comfortable with science and technology and value material items Equality Democracy: including equal opportunity Freedom: choice is important * Nationalism Patriotism: often for holidays or at time of war Science Rationality: we like to have explanations Racial Group Superiority: our group of people are best Education: added by Jame