SAS统计软件英文版course3.ppt

Introduction to Statistics Section 1 Fundamental Statistical Concepts Objectives Decide what tasks to complete before you analyze your data. Distinguish between populations and samples. Two Broad Categories of Statistics Defining the Problem Before you begin any analysis, you should complete certain tasks. 1. Outline the purpose of the study. 2. Document the study questions. 3. Define the population of interest. 4. Determine the need for sampling. 5. Define the data collection protocol. Cereal Example Defining the Problem The purpose of the study is to determine whetherRise n Shine cereal boxes contain 15 ounces of cereal. The study question is whether the average amount of cereal in Rise n Shine boxes is equal to 15 ounces. Sample Parameters and Statistics Statistics are used to approximate population parameters. Describing Your Data The goals when you are describing data are to screen for unusual data values inspect the spread and shape of continuous variables characterize the central tendency draw preliminary conclusions about your data. Process of Statistical Analysis Section 2 Examining Distributions Objectives Examine distributions of data. Explain and interpret measures of location, dispersion, and shape. Use the MEANS and UNIVARIATE procedures to produce descriptive statistics. Use the UNIVARIATE procedure to generate histograms and normal probability plots. Cereal Data Set brand weight idnumber Assumption for This Course The sample drawn is representative of the population. In other words, the sample characteristics should reflect the characteristics of the population as a whole. Distributions When you examine the distribution of values for the variable weight, you can find out the range of possible data values the frequency of data values whether the data values accumulate in the middle of the distribution or at one end. “Typical Values” in a Distribution Mean: the sum of all the values in the data set divided by the number