IAEA Meeting on Comprehensive Energy Planning国际原子能机构综合能源规划会议.pptVIP

1.Capital costs – all capita expenditures to estabish the project. These include general investments and the purchase of equipment required to reduce GHG emissions. Future replacement and rehabilitation costs are also part of capital costs. 2.Operating Costs – i.e. fixed and variable costs: Fixed or overhead costs are incurred irrespective of how many units are produced e.g. salaries, rentals etc. Variable costs are costs that vary with the project output e.g. cost of more fuel to produce more units of electricity. 3.Revenues – depend on the nature of tariffs and other product and service prices. Income from the sale of CERs is also part of revenues. 4.Interest payments – If the discount rate used reflects the cost of capital(debt servicing costs + returns to equity investors), then interest should be included in the discount rate. Sources of financing Range of possible investors national governments of industrialised countries regional multilateral development banks international financial institutions such as the World Bank environmental non-governmental organisations private companies from industrialised countries philanthropic organisations and international foundations local commercial banks Marketing to investors To win investors project developers should know which parameters are critical for investors viz: Assess needs and timeframe adquately Identify reasonable price parameters for the carbon credits Develop a selling strategy with an ideal transaction volume and selling price consider appointing a consultant, lawyer, or market agent who can act in good faith on your behalf i.e develop plans and facilitate complex transactions Establish a methodology to calculate emission reduction and project and project base lines i.e. a methody that conforms to evolving rules of the CDM. Financing Models Conventional Project Financing : Corporate financing by project host Equipment lease fina