Electrolyte disturbances Cardiovascular Tests：电解质紊乱心血管试验.pptVIP

Electrolyte disturbancesCardiovascular Tests Definitions! Protons + are positively charged particles (atomic number is the number of protons) example H+ Electrons - are the negatively charged particles that spin Neutrons uncharged particles that spin and are made up of quarks “A neutron walked into a bar and?asked how much for a drink.? The bartender replied,? for you, no charge.? -Jaime - Internet Chemistry Jokes ACID/BASE BALANCE AND THE BLOOD Small changes in pH can produce major disturbances Most enzymes function only with narrow pH ranges Acid-base balance can also affect electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) Can also affect hormones The body produces more acids than bases Acids take in with foods Acids produced by metabolism of lipids and proteins Cellular metabolism produces CO2. CO2 + H20 ? H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- Control of Acids Buffer systems Take up H+ or release H+ as conditions change Buffer pairs – weak acid and a base Exchange a strong acid or base for a weak one Results in a much smaller pH change Acidosis (392) Principal effect of acidosis is depression of the CNS through ↓ in synaptic transmission. Generalized weakness Deranged CNS function is the greatest threat Severe acidosis causes Disorientation coma death Alkalosis Alkalosis causes over excitability of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Numbness Lightheadedness It can cause : Nervousness muscle spasms or tetany Convulsions Loss of consciousness Death Anion Gap The difference between [Na+] and the sum of [HC03-] and [Cl-]. [Na+] – ([HC03-] + [Cl-]) = 140 - (24 + 105) = 11 Normal = 12 + 2 Clinicians use the anion gap to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. ELECTROLYTES Calcium (428-429) Sodium(430) Potassium(175) Magnesium(148) Phosphorus(170) Uncorrected electrolyte abnormalities may have life-threatening consequences.? Important electrolytes include- calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) CALCIUM Hypocalcemia Symptoms Tetany, seizures