双翅目(Diptera).pptVIP

双翅目(Diptera) introduction The name Diptera, derived from来自 the Greek words di meaning two and ptera meaning wings, refers to the fact that true flies have only a single pair of wings. Characteristics Immatures: Culiciform Head capsule 头壳present with chewing 咀嚼mouthparts Legs absent Vermiform (maggots蛆) Without legs or a distinct明显 head capsule Mouthparts reduced; only present as mouth hooks 口沟 Adults: Antennae filiform丝状, stylate短角状, or aristate具芒状 Mouthparts suctorial (haustellate) 吸器的 Mesothorax中胸 larger than pro- or metathorax One pair of wings (front); hind wings reduced (halteres) Tarsi 跗骨5-segmented Life History Ecology: The Diptera includes all true flies. ? These insects are distinctive有特色 because their hind wings are reduced to small, club-shaped structures called halteres -- only the membranous膜 front wings serve as aerodynamic空气动力学的 surfaces. ? The halteres vibrate震动 during flight and work much like a gyroscope 陀螺仪to help the insect maintain balance. All Dipteran larvae 幼虫are legless. ? They live in aquatic水生 (fresh water), semi-aquatic, or moist 潮湿terrestrial 陆地environments. ? They are commonly found in the soil, in plant or animal tissues组织, and in carrion腐肉 or dung 粪-- almost always where there is little danger of desiccation. ? Some species are herbivores草食, but most feed on dead organic matter or parasitize 寄生other animals, especially vertebrates脊椎动物, molluscs软体动物, and other arthropods节肢动物. ? In the more primitive 原始families (suborder Nematocera), fly larvae 幼虫have well-developed head capsules with mandibulate 咀嚼mouthparts. ? These structures are reduced or absent in the more advanced suborders (Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha) where the larvae, known as maggots, have worm-like bodies and only a pair of mouth hooks 口沟for feeding. Adult flies live in a wide range of habitats and display enormous巨大的 variation变化 in appearance外观 and life style. ? Although most species have haustellate 吸器mouthparts and collect food in liquid form, their mou