[历史学]语言学学习纲要.docVIP

《 简 明 语 言 学 教 程 》学 习 纲 要 Linguistics Chapter 1 Introduction What is linguistics? Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Observing questioning Formulating hypotheses Verifying the hypotheses Proposing a theory The Sscopes / Branches of linguistics Internal branches: intra-disciplinary divisions Phonetics 语音学----the study of sounds used in linguistic communication. Phonology 音系学（音位学） Morphology 词法学 Syntax 句法学 Semantics 语义学 External branches: inter-disciplinary divisions Pragmatics 语用学 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学 Some Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive vs. prescriptive “描写式”和 “规定式” They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时” The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. Speech writing Langue parole “语言” 和 “言语” The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence performance 语言能力和语言运用 The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Com