生产要素市场--demand_curve.ppt

第十八章 生产要素市场 The Market for the Factors of Production 生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production 2005年美国居民的总收入是12万亿美元，人均4万美元（中国：18万亿人民币元，人均1.4万元）。 In 2005, the total in come of all U.S. residents was about $12 trillion, or $40,000 per capita. 工人以工资和附加福利的形式赚到的收入占其四分之三（中国：五分之三）。其余以地租、利润和利息的形式归土地所有者与资本所有者。 Workers earned about three-fourths of it in the form of wages and fringe benefits. The rest went to landowners and to the owners of capital in the form of rent, profit and interest. 生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production 为什么有的人的收入比别人高？ Why do some people have higher incomes than others? 是什么决定了多少归工人，多少归土地所有者，多少又归资本所有者？ What determines how much goes to workers? To landowners? To the owners of capital? 为什么一些工人（或土地所有者、资本所有者）比另一些挣得更高的工资（或租金收入、利润）？ Why do some workers earn higher wages than others, some landowners higher rental income than others, and some capital owners greater profit than others? 生产要素市场The Markets for the Factors of Production 生产要素Factors of Production 生产要素市场The Market for the Factors of Production 劳动市场The Markets for Labor “万能的”供给与需求 The Versatility of Supply and Demand... 劳动需求The Demand For Labor 生产函数和劳动的边际产量The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor 生产函数The Production Function... 生产函数和劳动的边际产量The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor 劳动的边际产量递减Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor 随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。 As the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. 随着工人数量愈来愈多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献小于前一个工人。 As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the pr