机械工程材料第八版第一章课件（中英双语）.ppt

洛氏硬度 洛氏硬度用符号HR表示，HR=k-(h1-h0)/0.002 根据压头类型和主载荷不同，分为九个标尺，常用的标尺为A、B、C。 h1-h0 洛氏硬度测试示意图 洛氏硬度计 The number before HR is hardness, scale is after HR HRA is used to measure high hardness materials, such as hard alloys, surface quenched layers and carburized layers. HRB is used to measure low hardness materials, such as nonferrous metals, annealed steels and normalized steels. HRC is used to measure medium hardness materials, such as hardened and tempered steels, quenched steels. Merits: easy to operate, small indentation, wide scope of applications. Demerits: large dispersion degree of measuring results. 钢球压头与金刚石压头 洛氏硬度压痕 符号HR前面的数字为硬度值，后面为使用的标尺。 HRA用于测量高硬度材料, 如硬质合金、表淬层和渗碳层。 HRB用于测量低硬度材料, 如有色金属和退火、正火钢等。 HRC用于测量中等硬度材料，如调质钢、淬火钢等。 洛氏硬度的优点：操作简便，压痕小，适用范围广。 缺点：测量结果分散度大。 钢球压头与金刚石压头 洛氏硬度压痕 Vickers Hardness Vickers hardmeter Test principles Indentation 维氏硬度 维氏硬度计 维氏硬度试验原理 维氏硬度压痕 Vickers hardness: HV, the number before HV is hardness, and numbers after it mean load and load holding time. Three testing method are defined according to the different load scope: vickers hardness test, small load vickers hardness test and microscope vickers hardness test. Vickers hardness keeps the merits of brinell hardness and rockwell hardness 小负荷维氏硬度计 显微维氏硬度计 维氏硬度用符号HV表示，符号前的数字为硬度值，后面的数字按顺序分别表示载荷值及载荷保持时间。 根据载荷范围不同，规定了三种测定方法—维氏硬度试验 、小负荷维氏硬度试验、显微维氏硬度试验。 维氏硬度保留了布氏硬度和 洛氏硬度的优点。 小负荷维氏硬度计 显微维氏硬度计 6 Fracture toughness Rupture of oil tank and engine shell explosion of Polaris missile are relevant with faults in the materials. 1943年美国T-2油轮发生断裂 北极星导弹 裂纹扩展的基本形式 六、断裂韧性 油轮断裂和北极星导弹发动机壳体爆炸与材料中存在缺陷有关 1943年美国T-2油轮发生断裂 北极星导弹 裂纹扩展的基本形式 Stress intensity factor: the index to describe the stress intensity around the crack tip. Fracture toughness: the ability to resist the internal unstable crack growth ?C is rupture stress, aC is half length of critical crack, its unit is MN/m3/2 应力强度因子：描述裂纹尖端附近应力场强度的指标。 断裂韧性：材料抵抗内部裂纹失稳扩展的能力。 ?C为断裂应力，aC为临界裂纹半长，单位为 1.1.7 Thermal fatigue Some parts working under the conditions