Narrowing_ elevation amp;__ degradation文档.pptVIP

A simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements, having at least one point of resemblance in appearance, quality, action or effect. * A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. Metaphor? * There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character: A. Anthropomorphic metaphors B. Animal metaphors C. Synaesthetic metaphors * Analyse the original meaning as well as the meaning after elevation for the following words. nice angel knight earl governor enthusiasm inn keen Analyse the original meaning as well as the meaning after degradation for the following words. silly vice vulgar criticize crafty sad cunning knave * Narrowing of Meaning词义的缩小 It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special concept in present-day English. 把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。 Example Original Meaning Meaning after Narrowing meat food 食物 flesh of animals 肉 disease discomfort 不适 illness 疾病 wife woman 妇女 married woman 妻子 accident event 事件 unfortunate event 事故 * Four Kinds of Narrowing When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. “the City” means “the business center of London” * 2. 现代英语中把日常生活用语转用到科技方面，这也是词义缩小的一种现象。 e.g.: a clean room or a white room * 3. For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original, usually an adjective, is left to retain the meaning of the whole. Such adjectives have thus taken on specialized meanings. a general = a general officer an editorial = an editorial article * 4. Some material nouns are used to refer to objects made of them and thus have