海洋学 复习.docxVIP

第8章 水Why is water a polar molecule? What properties of water derive from its polar nature?How is heat different from temperature?Why does ice float? Why is this fact important to thermal conditions on Earth?How is heat transported from tropical regions to polar regions?What factors affect the density of water? Why does cold air or water tend to sink? What role does salinity play?How is the ocean stratified by density? What physical factors are involved? What names are given to the ocean’s density zone?How is the pycnocline related to the thermocline and halocline? Give the definitions of these three layers.Describe the differences between the seasonal thermocline and permanent thermocline.How does refraction permit sound to be transmitted in the ocean for thousands of miles?10. What is the latent heat of vaporization? Of fusion? Which requires more heat to transfer water’s physical state? Why?11. How does water’s high latent heat influence the ocean? Leaving aside its effect on beach parties, how do you think conditions on Earth would differ if our ocean consisted of alcohol?12. Other than hydrogen and oxygen, what are the most abundant elements in seawater?13. How are modern methods of determining salinity dependent on the principle of constant proportions?14. The average pH of seawater? What factors affect seawater’s pH? How does the pH of seawater change with depth? Why?15. Summarize the differences between pure water and seawater第9章 大气循环What is the composition of air?Can more water vapor be held in warm air or cool air? And why? Which is denser at the same temperature and pressure: humid air or dry air?What happens when air containing water vapor rises? What causes precipitation (rain and snow)?How does solar heat vary with latitude? How is it re-distributed?What is the Coriolis effect? How does it influence the atmospheric circulations? How many atmospheric circulation cells exist in each hemisphere? What are they? What kind of wind belts between and in each a