食管异物 ppt课件.pptVIP

1.保持呼吸道通畅 (1)全麻术后，麻醉未清醒时，专人守护，去枕平卧头偏向一侧，防止误吸分泌物，禁食禁水6小时。 (2)全麻插管术后可能发生喉水肿，引起呼吸困难，因此，术后因密切观察呼吸型态。遵医嘱吸氧，必要时使用糖皮质激素治疗，防止窒息的发生。 2.了解手术情况，了解异物是否取出，有无损伤，有无并发症，麻醉是否顺利。 3.营养供给 (1)异物取出后，无食道粘膜损伤，可恢复进食，以保证营养供给。 (2)术中发现有食管粘膜损伤，应禁食1~2天，给予静脉补液及全身支持治疗。 (3)疑有食管穿孔的患者，应安置胃管，进行鼻饲。 预防 细嚼慢咽、纠正不良习惯 损坏的义齿要及时修复 注意全麻及昏迷病人的护理 误咽异物后忌饮醋、吞服食物等 健康指导 1.误咽异物后，切忌强行吞咽食物，如吞咽饭菜，馒头等，以免加重损伤。出现并发症，同时也增加了手术难度。 2.进食时细嚼慢咽，注意力集中，特别是在进食骨刺类食物时（如鱼，鸡，鸭等）避免与饭菜混吃，以防误咽。 3.全麻或昏迷患者，如有义齿，应及时取出，老人或安装有义齿者，应及时修复松动或损坏的义齿，以免在睡眠，醉酒或尽量粘性大的食物时脱落而误咽。 4.教育幼儿不要养成口中含物的习惯。 Speaker Notes Use this space for overall notes and general comments. Simply select this text and replace it with your own comments. Summary Heading. Text. Heading. Text. Heading. Text. Heading. Text. * Many people do not understand that ethics are situation-specific and time-based -- and business ethics are no exception. Teaching Tip: But this does not mean that ethics are capricious or unimportant. In fact, all societies have a code of ethics and more businesses than ever recognize that a strong code of ethics is good business: it can protect the company from internal wrong-doing and possible legal liability, and, for marketers, serve as a strong foundation upon which to build long-term customer relationships. Ethical development can be thought of as having three levels: Preconventional Morality. This childlike level is calculating and self-centered. As a selfish morality, it is typically based upon what is likely to be immediately rewarded or punished. Conventional Morality. At this level the focus moves away from the self and toward the expectations (conventions) of the society in which the individual lives. Loyalty and obedience to “the rules” are important and this behavior can be generalized from society as a whole to an attachment to one’s company or organization. Marketers at this level are concerned with whether or not an activity is legal and how it is viewed by others. Postconventional Morality. At this level, the indiv