免疫 自己整理版 名解.docVIP

Immunology is the study of the ways in which the body defends itself from infectious agents and other foreign substances in its environment. [Immunity: refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body. (to recognize and eliminate foreign substances) ] 2.Innate immunity It refers to any inborn immunity that is already present the first time a pathogen is encountered. 3.Adaptive immune response The T cells and B cells in the body recognize the antigen and, in turn, become activated. The activated lymphocytes then proliferate and carry out their specific effector functions 4.Humoral immunity: mediated by B cells and defense against extracellular microbes. 5.Cell-mediated immunity: mediated by T cells and defense against intracellular microbes. The innate and adaptive immune response Introduction Characteristics Cells Molecules Innate immunity Responds rapidly No memory No or low specificity Physical barriers Phagocytes (PMNs and macrophages) Natural killer cells Humoral factors Complement Acute phase Proteins Cytokines Adaptive immunity Responds Slowly Memory Highly specific T cells B cells Dendritic cells Antibodies Cytokines Granzymes Clonal selection theory 全身的免疫细胞是由众多识别不同抗原的细胞克隆所组成，同一种克隆细胞表达相同的特异性受体，淋巴细胞识别抗原的多样性是机体接触抗原前就有的，是生物在长期进化过程中形成的。抗原进入机体只是从免疫细胞中找出能识别这种抗原的淋巴细胞克隆，活化，增殖，扩增出许多具有相同特异性的子代细胞，产生大量特异性抗体清除入侵的抗原。 日 T Lymphocytes TCR: T-cell antigen receptor TCR??+ 95% TCR??+ 1–5% 1. Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) 2. helper T cells: Th1, Th2, Th17 3. Regulatory T cells (Treg) and suppressor T cells (Ts) Th1 巨噬细胞活化 IgG Th2 肥大 嗜酸 IgE Bone marrow 1.the place in which proliferation of HSC takes place 2.the place in which development and maturation of B cells occur The lymphoid progenitor cells are transported by circulating blood to the thymus and differentiate into functional T lymphocytes The thymus 1. Cells: thymic stromal cells (TSC) epithelial