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科斯:企业性质(英文版)
科斯:企业的性质(英文版)
The Nature of the Firm (1937)R. H. COASEEconomic theory has suffered in the past from a failure to state clearly its assumption.Economists in building up a theory have often omitted to examine the foundations onwhich it was erected. This examination is, however, essential not only to prevent themisunderstanding and needles controversy which arise from a lack of knowledge of theassumptions on which a theory is based, but also because of the extreme importance foreconomics of good judgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions. For instance, itis suggested that the use of the word “firm” in economics may be different from the use ofthe term by the “plain man.” Since there is apparently a trend in economic theory towardsstarting analysis with the individual firm and not with the industry,2 it is ail the morenecessary not only that a clear definition of the word firm should be given but that itsdifference from a firm in the real world, if it aists, should be made clear. Mrs. Robinsonhas said that the two questions to be asked of a set of assumptions in economics are: Arethey tractable? and: Do they correspond with the real world?3 Though, as Mrs. Robinsonpoints out, More often one set will be manageable and the other realistic, yet there maywell be branches of theory where assumptions may be both manageable and realistic. It ishoped to show in the following paper that a definition of a firm may be obtained which isnot only realistic in that it corresponds to what is meant by a firm in the real world, but istractable by two of the most powerful instruments of economic analysis developed byMarshall, the idea of the margin and that of substitution, together giving the idea ofsubstitution at the margin.4 Our definition must, of course, relate to formal relations whichare capable of being conceived exactly.5IIt is convenient if, in searching for a definition of a firm, we first consider the economicsystem as it is normally tr
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