国立嘉义大学外语系.pptVIP

Rhetoric, Critical Reading, and EAP Writing 施 雪 清 國立嘉義大學外語系 Define critical reading Define rhetoric History of rhetoric focusing on contemporary rhetorics The rhetorical qualities in academic writing Ways of gaining knowledge Non-critical reader: by memorizing the statements within a text. learn facts. Critical reader: what a text says + how the subject matter is said. Appreciate a particular perspective and a particular selecting of facts can lead to particular understanding What is Rhetoric? From Ancient Greece: formal public speaking (political, legal, celebratory speech making) To Any spoken or written form of nonliterary discourse (many would include a great deal of literary discourse.) The art of persuasion: George Kennedy: “the energy inherent in emotion and thought, transmitted through a system of signs, including language, to others to influence their decisions or actions.” Employing symbols effectively. achieving the purposes of the symbol-user—persuasion, clarity, beauty, or mutual understanding. Characteristics of rhetorical discourse Planned Adapted to an audience Shaped by human motives Responsive to a situation Persuasion-seeking Concerned with contingent issues Social functions of the art of rhetoric Rhetoric tests ideas Rhetoric assists advocacy Rhetoric distributes power Rhetoric discovers facts Rhetoric shapes knowledge Rhetoric builds community History of Rhetoric Antiquity: Plato; Aristotle; Cicero Middle Ages: Augustine. Renaissance: Erasmus; Italian humanism. Peter Ramus (1515-1572, the turn toward dialectic). skeptical about the value of Aristotle’s and Cicero’s treatment of rhetoric and dialectic humanistic studies: studies to the development of a free and active human mind—rhetoric, poetics, ethics, politics. Rhetoric in timeline.doc Enlightenment: Contemporary Cicero’s five canons or categories of oratory Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery A pattern for rhetorical education A template for the criticism of discourse (..\