中高层大气物理学第二章Oticaldeth光学厚.ppt

LOGO PHYSICS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ATMOSPHERE中高层大气物理学Optical Depth 2011 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere Wavelengths of the radiation (energy) Species of the atmosphere (mass) Visual light The gases in the Earth’s atmosphere scatter blue wavelengths of visible light more. Dust particles and small water droplets (haze) are larger. They tend to scatter more of the longer wavelengths of visible light. UV and Ozone Absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone (O3) wavelengths 300 nm troposphere surface wavelengths 100-300 nm mesosphere/stratosphere wavelengths 100 nm thermosphere/ionosphere Exponential Absorption Law Lambert-Beer exponential absorption law irradiance at 1 AU “at the top of the atmosphere” a composite of many emission lines and continua Radiative Transfer Calculation Assumptions: Monochromatic (single wavelength) radiation The atmosphere consists of a single absorbing species, which decreases exponentially with altitude of a const H. The atmosphere is horizontally stratified. I(λ,z), incoming solar radiation at wavelength at altitude z σ (λ), wavelength-dependent absorption cross section ?(z) ?(s) z ? I(λ,z) ds Maximum Absorption Height The absorption (σ .n.I) must reach a maximum at some altitude (z). ?(z) ?(s) z ? I(λ,z) ds Maximum Absorption Height For an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium ?(z) ?(s) z ? I(λ,z) ds Maximum Absorption Height Finally we get Atmosphere with const H N Integrate from infinity (source of the radiation) Optical Depth The intensity of the radiation decreases to 1/e at the height of maximum absorption. Optical depth, ? At maximum absorption height, ?m=1 dimensionless Altitude n I dI/dz For Spheric Earth Now the scale height is not constant by altitude For a slant path on a spheric earth, χ0 90? For Spheric Earth For a slant path on a spheric earth, χ0 90? Dilemma Assume a model atmosphere to compute the optical depth. Derive the solar flux as a function of altitude and the effects that it h