Drilling Engineering(钻井工程英文课件)[精品].ppt

* Rotary speed The ROP will also affected by rotary speed of the bit and optimum speed must be determined. The RPM influences the ROP Experience plays a large part in selecting the correct rotary speed in any given situation. The RPM applied to a bot will be a function of Type of bit (In general lower RPMs is used for insert bits than for milled tooth bits.) Type of formation (Harder formations are less easily penetrated and so require low RPM. ) * Mud properties In order to prevent an influx of formation fluids into the wellbore the hydrostatic mud pressure must be slightly greater than the formation pressure. This overbalance, or positive pressure differential, forces the liquid portion of the mud into the formation, leaving the solids to form a filter cake on the wall of the borehole. In porous formations this filter cake prevents any further entry of mud into the formation. This overbalance and filter cake also exists at the bottom of the hole where it affects the removal of cuttings. The differential pressure on the chip tends to keep the chip against the formation. This is known as the static chip hold down effect, and leads to lower penetration rates. To reduce the hold down effect: Reduce the positive differential pressure Reduce the solids content of the mud * 5.2 PDC Bits: WOB/RPM PDC bits tend to drill faster with low WOB and high RPM. They are also found to require higher torque than roller cone bits. The general recommendation is that the highest RPM that can be achieved should be used. Although the torque is fairly constant in shale sections the bit will tend to dig in and torque up in sandy sections. When drilling in these sandy sections, or when the bit drills into hard sections and penetration rate drops, the WOB should be reduced but should be maintained to produce a rotary torque at least equal to that of a roller cone bit. * Mud Properties The best ROP results have been achieved with oil based muds but a good deal of success has been achieved