在美国是如何进行药品开发的.pptVIP

Unit 7b Drug development in the USA 在美国是如何进行药品开发的 * The development of new drugs is essential if we are to stop the diseases. However, it takes an average of twelve years to develop a drug and it costs a company about $359 million. be to + 不定式表示按照计划安排的将来动作 e.g. If we are to be at the station by nine o’ clock we must go now.  如果我们要在点到火车站，现在就必须走。 take花费，耗费 e.g. It takes time and hard work to succeed. 成功要付出时间和努力。 Drug development in the USA Only five out of every 5,000 drugs that start the testing process are tested on humans. Only one in five of those actually reaches the market. There are four stages of testing a new drug. First of all, a company carries out tests for about two and a half years in the laboratory and on animals. out of 在这里的意思为“在……之中”。 first of all 首先 e.g. He is a great soldier first of all. 他首先是位伟大的军人。 carry out 实行，执行，实现 e.g. She had finally carried out her promise to quit smoking. 她最终实现了戒烟的诺言。 He will carry out his plan. 他要执行他的计划。 Drug development in the USA This is to show how the drug works against a particular disease and to show its level of safety. The testing on humans can begin. The first stage of human testing tests the safety of the drug on fewer than one hundred healthy people and lasts about a year. After that, the drug is tested for about two years on 100-300 people who suffer from the disease to see how well the drug works. suffer 遭受 e.g. He suffered many humiliations before he became a football star. 他在成为足球名将前受过许多屈辱。 Drug development in the USA The final stage lasts about three years: the drug is usually tested on 1,000 – 3,000 patients in hospitals and clinics. While they are carrying out these tests, doctors monitor the patient closely and keep a record of the success of the drug and any side-effects. When a company has completed the three stages of tests on humans, the company makes a New Drug Application to the authorities, which is often 1,000 pages or more. Drug development