语法结构复习要点(ME).doc

语法结构复习要点（工程硕士） 1. 时态 1) 一般现在时 表示自然现象和普遍真理： The sun rises in the east. / Hydrogen is the lightest element. / Knowledge is power. (2) 用于时间和条件状语从句中替代一般将来时： In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully considered. The tourist is prevented from entering a country if he does not have a valid passport. (3) 表示计划好的将来行动或一系列行动。但这只限于少数动词，如“begin”，“come”，“go”，“leave”，“sail”，“start”，“arrive”，“return”，“end”，“stop”，“depart”，“open”，“close”等： We leave tomorrow at 11.15 and arrive at 17.30. / The concert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30. / The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st. 2) 现在进行时 现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或事件。 (1) 某些表示运动的动词（如“come”，“go”，“leave”，“start”，“arrive”，“return”等）的现在进行时可以表示为将来安排好的活动和事件：We are leaving on Friday. / He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.27 train. / John is coming here next week and is staying here until August. (2)现在进行时与频度副词“always”，“continually”，“constantly”，“forever”，“repeatedly”，“perpetually”连用，表示动作反复进行，同时表示说话人的某种情绪（如厌烦、生气、责备等：Tom is always going away for weekends. / He is constantly leaving things about. / He is continually asking me for money. 3）现在完成时 现在完成时是现在时与过去时的一种混合时态，它的时间概念有时是不明确的。我们所关心的是现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对现在的影响。因此，现在完成时可以看作是回顾过去的现在时。 (1) 现在完成时可以与表示“直到现在”的状语连用，如“so far”，“up to now”，“up to the present”，“up till now”等，这些短语明确表示过去和现在的联系：I’ve planted fourteen rosebushes（玫瑰丛）so far this morning. / We are doing things no one has so far attempted. / Mike and I have been good friends up to now. 现在完成时可以与“for”和“since”引起的状语连用 “for + 时段”常与现在完成时连用：We haven’t seen Helen for several months. / There has been no rain here for over three weeks. “for + 时段”用于否定句，表示将来时间，意思是“只在…之后…才”：The train doesn’t leave for another ten minutes. 再过十分钟，火车才开。/ He won’t be back in Beijing for a week. 不到一星期，他不会回北京。 “since ”可用作连接词、介词和副词：She has worked at that factory since she came here. / I’ve lived here since 1980. / I saw Henry in May and I haven’t seen him since. “since”引起的时间状语中的谓语动词可用一般过去时或现在完成时：I’ve lived here si