化工专业英语课件一.pptx

Specialized English for chemistry;Chemical Enineering and TechnologyLesson 3 Catalysts for Industrial Processes;Let us consider the two prime requirements. prime adj.最好的;首要的;最初的;基本的 n.精华;初期;全盛时期;青年 vt.使准备好;填装;事先指导 First,the catalyst must be able to effect the desired reaction at an acceptable rate under conditions of temperature and pressure that are practicable.;Chemical technology has advanced to the point where temperatures as high as 1600K and pressure up to 350 atm (35MPa) present no difficulties and thermodynamic considerations sometimes necessitate their use to attain reasonable equilibrium yields of products. Necessitate vt. 使…成为必要，需要;强迫，迫使 equilibrium n. 平衡，均势;平静 ;If however good yields can be obtained at low temperatures and pressures,then there is every incentive to find a catalyst that will operate under the mildest possible conditions,since the use of extreme conditions is very costly. Incentive n.动机;刺激;诱因;鼓励 adj.刺激性的;鼓励性质的 Mildest 适当的 适中的 It is concurrently important that side-reactions are minimal,especially those leading to poisoning or deactivation through carbon deposition.;Second,the catalyst must be able to sustain the desired reaction over prolonged periods:in some processes,a catalyst life of several years is not uncommon,and is economically necessary. Prolong vt. 延长，拉长;拖延，延期 Clearly the longer it lasts,the smaller the contribution that its initial cost makes to the overall cost of the process will be. initial adj. 最初的;开始的;首字母的 ;Initial cost is rarely of over-riding importance:it is usually cheaper in the long run to use an expensive catalyst that will last a long time than a cheap one that has to be replaced frequently. The chief causes of deterioration in use are:reversible poisoning due to impurities in the reactants or to side-reactions,and irreversible physical changes including loss of surface area (sintering) or mechanical failure. Deterioration n.恶化;变坏;退化;堕落 Irreversible adj.不可逆的;不能翻转的;不能倒置的 s