4.人类起源_课程课件 .ppt

生命科学纵横 理学院生命科学与生物工程研究院 * Mitochondrial dna is an important tool for Human population genetics because of such features as its maternal inheritance and absence of recombination. Consequently a substantial number of mt DNA mutations have accumulated sequentially along radiating maternal lineages that have diverged as human populations colonized different geographical regions of the world. Another virtue of mtDna is that a high mutation rate compared to nuclear dna, allows the genealogy to be captured in a fair amount of details. The most variable region of the mtDNA is the 1122 bp non coding control region called D- Loop. This region is located between 16024 and 576 bp. The variation is concentrated in two fragments: HVS1 and HVS2 * Research on Human mtDNA as a molecular marker was pioneerd by Wesley Brouwn and Douglas Wallace in the late 1970 The studies of mtDNA polymorphism in human populations were based: initially on restriction enzyme (RFLP) analysis : Low resolution restriction uses 5 to 6 enzymes whereas high resolution restriction mapping uses at least 12 enzymes * Accordingly, Cann and collaborators analysed, They noted that Subsaharan african individuals presents the most variable mtdna sequences. Moroover, a parsimonious tree constructed with 133 sequences displays 2 clusters. The basical cluster is composed exclusively of subsaharn african haplotype wheras the second cluster groups sequences from the five geographicals areas. Authors concluded that, mtDNA have been diverged from an ancestral lineage originated in Africa. Cann et al called this hypothesis the : Mitochondrial Eve * Cann et al postulated that * The majority of haplogroups have been shown to be continent specific. L1 , L2 and L3 group sub- Saharan African lineages. H, I, J, K T U V W and X. encompass almost all mtDNA from European north African and Western Asian Caucasian . Finally Haplogroups A, B, C, E, F , G and M embrace the majority of the lineages described for Asia, Oceania an