英语语言学术语.doc

Define the following terms: 1. Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc. 2. Function: the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function. 3. Etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pikes distinction of phonetics and phonemics. Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential, differentiations, just as was after the case with phonetic vs. phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. Emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pikes distinction of phonetics and phonemics. An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech community rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuity or intuition alone. 5. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 6. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. 8. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. 9. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two leve