神经系统对躯体运动的调节汇.ppt

* 皮质脊髓束和皮质脑干束二者都是由皮层运动神经元(上运动神经元)下传抵达支配肌肉的下运动神经元(脊髓前角运动神经元和脑神经核运动神经元)的最直接通路。 * 每侧锥体系含有直径不同的纤维100万左右，而４区(中央前回)灰质第五层有贝茨Betz细胞只有34,000个，只能提供纤维占总数3％左右，这些纤维直径较粗(Φ11--20?m)，是有髓纤维。小于10 ?m纤维还有发自４区第III—VI层的小细胞，但即使如此，也仅占锥体系总数27％--40％。组成锥体束的其它部分纤维(不少于60％)来自6区、3-1-2区、5区、7区等。 * 黑质多巴胺能神经元轴突上行抵纹状体，正常时能抑制纹状体内乙酰胆硷递质系统的功能 * 神经纤维及神经丛 1、节前纤维经白交通支进入交感干后，有二种去向 (1)终止于椎旁节 终止于相应的椎旁节 在交感干内上升或下降，然后终止于上方或下方的椎旁节 T1—5侧角的节前纤维，在交感干内上升；T6—10在交感干内上升或下降；T11—L2(3)在交感干内下降。 (2)穿出椎旁节，终止于椎前节 2、节后纤维有几种走向 (1)在椎旁神经节内换元后，其节后纤维经灰交通支返回脊神经，然后随脊神经分布至肢体血管、汗腺、立毛肌，也有些节后纤维不返回脊神经，而直接分布至头、颈、胸腔各器。 (2)在椎前节内换元的，其节后纤维形成神经丛，分布于腹、盆腔各脏器，如腹腔丛、腹下丛（肠系膜上丛和下丛）等。T5—12穿过椎旁节后组成内脏大（小）神经。 * 交感-肾上腺髓质系统 * To give you specific examples of the varying effects of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, consider the following. * Acetylcholine binding to muscarinic receptors on cardiac muscle cells of the heart slow down the heart rate and decrease the strength of contractions. * This has the effect of reducing cardiac output to restore the bodies normal resting rate of activity. * When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors on glands and smooth muscles associated with the digestive system, the effect is to excite or increase the secretion of glands and the contractions of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the digestive organs to promote peristalsis. * Stimulated muscarinic receptors on arterioles leading to the liver, pancreas and other digestive organs dilate to increase the flow of blood to those organs during times when digestive activities are needed to digest and store materials for future use. * Stimulated muscarinic receptors on the smooth muscles of the iris cause the iris to constrict, thus reducing the size of the pupil and allowing less light into the eye. * * Adrenergic receptors which bind with and respond to norepinephrine or epinephrine * are found exclusively on sympathetic target organs. * While adrenergic receptors which react to norepinephrine * delivered via postganglionic neurons stimulate very precise respo