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inductive and deductive method of research归纳和演绎的方法研究.docx

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inductive and deductive method of research归纳和演绎的方法研究

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHOD OF RESEARCHOther Important Methods of ResearchAs against the above four methods, mentioned by Kerlinger, there are several methods other than these, which have not only be accepted as methods of research but have also been taught by professionals used and actually in research. These are the methods of 1. Induction, 2. Deduction, 3. Historical, and 4. Comparative Methods. Then there are other methods which are described as1. Observational, 2. Participatory, 3. Experimental, 4. Experiential, 5. Trial and Error Method(s) and 6. Case Study method.There is a great deal of overlap in the above classification of methods, while some of these may only be a part/step involved in some other method. All these methods have been discussed below in detail. Deduction-InductionBoth induction and deduction offer only one side of the general truths. ‘If pure induction is inadequate, pure deduction is equally inadequate.’ The error of ‘setting up these methods in mutual opposition, as if the employment of either of them excluded the employment of the other, is unfortunately very common.’ ‘It is only by the unprejudiced combination of the two methods that any complete development of economic science is possible’ (Keynes, p-172). What is true for economics applies to other social sciences in equal measure.Dr. Cunnigham, Political Economy Treated as an Empirical Science, Pamphlet.Keynes stipulates a method of specific experience, which Keynes defines as that method that ‘passes slowly from particulars to axiomatic media and there from to the highest generalization without any reversal of the order. However, personal experience mostly happens to be specific experience due to time-space configuration at individual level.DeductionEither logic as foundation or evidence as base but nature is general assumptions may be purely hypothetical or based on real life observations. By assumption S/he rules out two possibilities i) all ducks may not be of same color; ii