医学科研设计的基本原则和方法 ppt课件.pptVIP

医学科研设计的基本原则和方法 A study is conducted to determine the effects of drinking Coca Cola on a teenager’s willingness to bungee jump from frightful heights. A total of 500 teenagers is assembled on the basis of bungee-jumping status: 250 are jumpers, and 250 are not. Of the 250 jumpers, 150 report drinking Coca Cola. Of the nonjumpers, 50 report drinking Coca Cola. A majority of the nonjumpers report a preference for warm milk. Which of the following is true? This is a cohort study. This study can be used to calculate an odds ratio. The absolute and relative risk of bungee jumping may be determined from this study. Jumpers and nonjumpers should be matched for beverage consumption. Unanticipated outcomes can be assessed in this study. The absolute difference in the risk of jumping is 100 is 3:1 is 150 cannot be calculated, because this is a case-control study cannot be calculated, because jumping is the dependent variable The odds ratio calculated from this study will give the odds of drinking among jumpers to drinking among non-jumpers drinking among nonjumpers to drinking among jumpers jumping among drinkers to drinking among jumpers nonjumping among drinkers to nondrinking among jumpers drinking to jumping The odds ratio in the above study is 0.2; 0.6; 2; 5； 6; The results of this study indicate that bungee jumping influences one’s choice of beverage bungee jumping and choice of beverage are associated one’s choice of beverage influences one’s tendency to bungee jump bungee jumping and beverage choice are causally related there is no association between warm milk and bungee jumping 设计与实施一般过程 一、提出假设 明确研究目的 二、制定计划 1. 方法 设计类型 2. 研究对象选择（必要时估算样本大小） 3. 确定研究的观察指标 (拟定调查表、暴露的测量、疾病发生的测量) 4. 确定资料的收集方法 5. 其他:如人员组织／经费预算／质量控制等 三、调查员培训 四、实施 资料的收集 五、资料的整理分析 六、总结报告 二、随机化的原则 简单随机法 4．随机数字表法 在简单随机法中，最好是用统计学家编制的随机数字表进行分组。随机数字表中的全部数字无论从行、列或斜向等顺序都呈随机状态。 先将纳入试验的合格对象，依先后顺序编号；再从随机数字表中的任意行或列作为起点，得到一个随机数依次取其表中的系列数字，与纳入的研究对象编号配对，并列出样本的随机分配表格。 单纯随机抽样举例 欲调查某中学学生近视率，该校有学生2000