重庆交通大学环境与可持续发展考试名词解释复习.doc

Glossary Chapter 1 环境问题与可持续发展 cultural eutrophication Overnourishment of aquatic ecosystems with plant nutrients (mostly nitrates and phosphates) because of human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and discharges from industrial plants and sewage treatment plants. Eutrophication 富营养化 Physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place after a lake, estuary, or slow-flowing stream receives inputs of plant nutrients--mostly nitrates and phosphates--from natural erosion and runoff from the surrounding land basin. point sources 点源污染 Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment. non-point sources 非点源（面源）污染 Large or dispersed land areas such as cropfields, streets, and lawns that discharge pollutants into the environment over a large area. primary pollutant 初级污染物 Chemical that has been added directly to the air by natural events or human activities and occurs in a harmful concentration. secondary pollutant 二级污染物 Harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with normal air components or other air pollutants. photochemical smog 光化学烟雾 Complex mixture of air pollutants produced in the lower atmosphere by the reaction of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides under the influence of sunlight. solid waste 固体废弃物 Any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas. See municipal solid waste. municipal solid waste 城市固体废弃物 Solid materials discarded by homes and businesses in or near urban areas. acid deposition 酸沉降 The falling of acids and acid-forming compounds from the atmosphere to the earths surface. Desertification 荒漠化 The process of becoming or making sth a desert. ozone layer 臭氧层 Layer of gaseous ozone (O3) in the stratosphere that protects life on earth by filtering out most harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. ozone depletion 臭氧损耗 Decrease in concentration of ozone (O3) in the stratosphere. Community 群居体 Populations of all species living and interactin