Soil and Its Uses土壤及其利用.pptVIP

Soil and Its Uses Outline: Soil Formation Soil Properties Erosion Soil Conservation Land - Portion of the world not covered by water. Soil - Mixture of minerals, organic material, living organisms, air, and water. Soil Formation Soil formation begins with fragmentation of parent material. 母岩- Ancient rock layers with recent deposits from lava or glacial flows. 熔岩或冰河流动 Weathering 风化- Factors bringing about fragmentation 破碎 or chemical change of parent material. Mechanical Weathering 物理风化, 原生矿物 Results from physical forces reducing size of rock particles without changing the chemical nature of the rock. Freezing and Thawing Cycles Erosion from Wind and Moving Water Chemical Weathering 化学风化，次生矿物 - Involves the chemical alteration of rock in such a manner that it is more likely to fragment or be dissolved. Rock fragments exposed to atmosphere may oxidize, or otherwise chemically change. Humus - Decaying organic material. mixed with the top layers of rock particles, and supplies some of the needed nutrients to plants. Increase the water-holding capacity and inorganic nutrient solubility (acid cond.) creates crumbly soil which allows adequate water absorption and drainage. Other factors influencing soil formation: Burrowing animals bring nutrients up from deeper soil layers, improving soil fertility. Plant roots Bacteria and Fungi (decomposers) 1 cm soil formation: 15 years (warm, humid climate) to hundreds of years Soil Properties Texture 质地，矿物质机械组成 ： Various particles are mixed in many different combination, resulting in soil classification. Determined by the size of soil particles. Gravel 石砾, d2mm Sand 砂粒, 0.05-2.0mm Silt 粉砂粒, 0.002-0.05mm Clay 粘粒, 0.002mm Too many large particles leads to extreme leaching. Too many small particles leads to poor drainage. Structure - Refers to the way various soil particles clump together. 土壤结构：土壤颗粒的空间排列方式及稳定程度，孔隙的分布及结合状况。 How to change? Measured by? Friability - Soil’s ability to crumble. vs 粘结性，结持性 In good soils 2/3 of the i