词汇学2-词汇学形态学结构.pptVIP

Chapter II Morphological Structure of English words Overview Morphemes What is a morpheme? Morphemes, phonemes and syllables Allomorphs Classification of morphemes Free morphemes bound morphemes Roots affixes Rleations between the two classifications Nation national----nation + al nationalize----nation + al + ize denationalize---de + nation + al + ize denationalization---de + nation +al +iz +ation A word, therefore, consists of one or more morphemes. What is a morpheme? The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Words are formed by morphemes, a word may be composed of one or more morphemes One morpheme-----------fruit Two morpheme-----------fruit+ful Three morpheme-----------un+fruit+ful Four morpheme-----------un+fruit+ful+ness More than 4 morphemes------un+gentle+man+li+ness Morphemes, phonemes syllables phoneme: only conveys sound distinction k /k/ u /ju:/ a /ei/ and i /ai/: tame, time morpheme a: used as an indefinite article; atypical I: designates the first person singular syllable A morpheme may be represented by one syllable or by two or more syllables. child, like, put, lady, introduce Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond. dis·a·gree·a·ble (dis+agree+able) Allomorphs (语[词]素变体，形位变体） A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. Morpheme-s books -s pigs -z horses -iz /-tion/-sion/-ation -im/-in/-il/-ir “An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds” (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language). Classification of Morphemes Free morphemes and bound morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. Man, faith, read, write, red A bound morpheme cannot stand b