中级微观经济学讲义教程.pptVIP

MICROECONOMICSClassroom Lecture Notes (3 credits, as of 2004);based on Hal R. Varian’s Intermediate Microeconomics, Sixth Edition, referring to Pindyck and Rubinfeld’s Microeconomics, Fourth Edition. ;Chapter 0 ;The source of all economic problems is scarcity. ;Problem of trade-off, and choice. Economics, as a way of thinking, as a dismal science. Problems - solutions - hidden consequences. ;Main decision-making agents: ;Objects of economic choice are commodities, including goods and services. ;Main economic activities: ;Microeconomics and macroeconomics:;The circular flow of economic activities. ;The product market and the factor market. ;Marginal analysis;1, MM is the slope of the TM curve; 2, AM is the slope of the ray from the origin to the point at the TM curve; ; 3, TM increasing (decreasing) if and only if MM 0 ( MM 0 ); 4, If TM is at maximum or minimum, then MM = 0; ; 5, AM increasing (decreasing) if and only if MM AM ( MM AM ); 6, If AM is at maximum or minimum, then MM = AM, or MM cuts AM at the latter’s maximum or minimum. ;Chapter 1 ; Economics proceeds by developing Models of social phenomena. By a model we mean a simplified representation of reality. ;Exogenous variables: taken as determined by factors not discussed in a model.;The optimization principle: ;The demand curve: ; From peoples reservation prices to the demand curve. ;Pareto efficiency: ;An economic situation is Pareto efficient or Pareto optimal if there is already no way to make any more Pareto improvement.; Short run and long run;Chapter 2 ;* Vector variables and vector functions. * The inner product of two vectors. * With the price vector p = ( p1, …, pn ), the value of the commodity bundle x = (