生理学中英文--digestionandnutrition消化和营养.pptVIP

Digestion and Nutrition Obtaining Energy All organisms require energy to maintain their complex structure. The ultimate source of energy is the sun. Green plants utilize energy in sunlight to make glucose. Autotrophs (phototrophs) A few autotrophs are chemotrophs, gaining energy from inorganic chemical reactions. Animals are Heterotrophs! Animals are heterotrophs, depending on other organisms for food. Animals fall into one of three dietary categories: Herbivores eat mainly autotrophs (plants and algae). Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter. Saprophagous animals feed on decaying organic matter. Why We Eat Regardless of what an animal eats, an adequate diet must satisfy three nutritional needs: Fuel for all cellular work. The organic raw materials for biosynthesis. Essential nutrients, substances such as vitamins that the animal cannot make for itself. Feeding Mechanisms Very few animals absorb nutrients directly from the environment. Exceptions include parasites that absorb nutrients that have been digested by the host： e.g.， Protozoan parasites Blood parasites Tapeworms（绦虫,无口及肠） Feeding Mechanisms – Particulate Matter （颗粒物质） The upper portion of lakes and oceans contains very small animals and plants (plankton 浮游生物) that drift with the water currents. Along with plankton, there is also organic debris floating in the water column and mixed in with the sediment (沉积物) . Many organisms feed on this particulate matter. Feeding Mechanisms – Particulate Matter Feeding Mechanisms Fluid feeders may bite and rasp(锉) at host tissues and suck fluid (such as blood).Many have specialized, tubelike mouthparts. Feeding Mechanisms Herbivorous animals have evolved special devices for crushing and cutting plant material. Snails have a radula(齿舌) for scraping algae or plant material. Insects have grinding cutting mandibles(大颚) . Mammals have wide corrugated (?起皱褶的 ) molars for grinding. Feeding Mechanisms Predators have