清华经济学原理课件7市场效率.pptVIP

* 67 38 * 67 38 * 67 38 * 68 39 * * * * * * 32 22 * 36 11 * 38 26 * * 34 24 * * 38 26 * 38 26 * 45 26 * 56 33 * 53 32 * * * * * 54 32 * 54 32 * * * 8 * * 8 * 8 * * 8 * 8 * * * * * * * 外部性Externalities 当市场结果影响了买者和卖者以外的人时，外部性产生。Externalities are created when a market outcome affects individuals other than buyers and sellers in that market. 外部性使市场福利还要取决于买者评价和卖者评价之外的其他因素。 Externalities cause welfare in a market to depend on more than just the value to the buyers and cost to the sellers. 当买者和卖者在决定消费和生产时不考虑外部性的时候，市场均衡可能是无效率的。