常微分方程课件-第04讲45.pptVIP

* Method of solution: (2.73) Clearly, it geometrically represents a curve in (x,p)-plane. If we are clever enough to find a parametric representation of this curve, that is, there exists is the general solution of (2.73). (2.74) * Example 2.4.5[C/P67] Answer: Solution: * Method of solution: (2.75) Clearly again, it geometrically represents a curve in (y,p)-plane. If we are clever enough to find a parametric representation of this curve: is the general solution of (2.75). * In addition[C/P69], * Example 2.4.6[C/P69] Answer: Solution: * Review of Chapter II (第二章复习) C/PP70-72 * 对于一阶微分方程 的若干类型的初等解法，归纳起来就是： 1、若方程能就 y’ 解出，即方程取形式 或 主要介绍了五种类型的方程（变量分离方程、齐次方程、线性方程、Bernoulli方程及恰当方程）的初等解法. 但实际上作为基础的只有变量分离方程与恰当方程，其他类型的方程可借助变量变换或积分因子化为这两种类型，这可简略地用下图表示： * 坐 标 变 换 或 * 2、若方程能就y[或x]解出，即方程可化为 y=f(x,y’) [或x=f(y,y’)] 则令y’=p后，把问题化为求解关于p与x[或y]之间的一阶微分方程： 它们是导数已解出的微分方程. 如果用分离变量法或恰当方程法求得通解为 * 则它的参数形式的通解为： * 它们是导数已解出的微分方程. 如果用分离变量法或恰当方程法求得通解为 则它的参数形式的通解为： * 引入参数t, 将方程表示为参数形式： 或 或 于是，原方程的参数形式的通解为： 或 * (1) 何谓一阶微分方程的初等解法？[C/P30] (2)对于一个给定的一阶微分方程,首先会判断它是哪种类型? 几点补充说明 * END Lecture 4 * §2.3 Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors I. Exact DE II. Integrating Factors * * II. Integrating factors Definition[C/P55;E/45] is exact, Why? * * Example 2.3.5 Solution How can we find it? * * Note[C/P55]: Question: Result[C/P56]: But it is a PDE!!! Integating factor is not unique!!! * * Generally, it is very difficult to find a solution of (2.57)! But there are some special cases where we may find some solution of (2.57) . For example, But this equation is meaningless unless the expression * * Result[C/P56]: * * Example 2.3.6[C/P57] Solution * * Example 2.3.6[C/P57] is the desired general solution. cf .[C/P45] and [E/P45] Solution * * Similarly, Try to give its integrating factor! * * * * and so on[C/P61/4,5,6,7,8,9]. * * Example 2.3.7[C/P58] Solution It has an integrating factor Thus the desired general solution is or where c is an arbitrary constant. * * Example